Big news: Biochemists solve sour beer bottling ‘terminal acid shock’ problem

Indiana University researchers have found that conditions common in the production of certain types of craft beers — mainly sours — can inhibit successful production, putting a growing, popular segment at risk. But fear not because these same researchers have also found the solution.

The condition is being dubbed “terminal acid shock,” and refers to high acidity that threaten yeasts typically used in the production of sour beers. The article on the subject was published in the Food Microbiology journal.

“This study shows that pre-adapting yeast in a readily available and nutritionally dense substance composed of yeast extract, peptides, sugar and the beer under preparation can ensure the proper bottle conditioning of sour beers,” said the paper’s lead author Matthew Bochman, an assistant professor in the IU Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences’ Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and a craft brewing consultant. “Simply using untreated dry yeast or yeast rehydrated in water alone should be used with caution in the production of ‘extreme beers’ such as sours.”

Terminal acid shock occurs when craft brewers add extra yeast to beers after fermentation to create carbonation before bottling, the final step in the traditional brewing process. The issue typically doesn’t affect larger commercial breweries that employ forced carbonation.

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The research was conducted in collaboration with Upland Brewing Co., a small craft brewery based in Bloomington, Ind. The beer used in the experiment was developed by Upland Brewing, whose previous attempts to brew a variety of sour beer, called “Cauldron,” failed two years in a row due to complications during the bottling phase, resulting in the loss of 1,600 gallons of beer. The variety, aged in charred oak barrels filled with Michigan cherries, has a pH level of 3, a typical acidity for many sour beers.

To conduct the study, Bochman and colleagues observed the reaction of six strains of brewer’s yeast — or Saccharomyces cerevisiae — exposed to organic acids such as acetic and lactic acid produced by bacteria during brewing. The six strains used in the study are commonly known as cask and bottle conditioned beer yeast; California ale yeast; Hefeweizen ale yeast; Champagne yeast; American ale yeast; and Pilsen lager yeast. The first and fourth strains were least affected by changes in pH levels.

“Our analysis revealed that terminal acid shock was not completely lethal to the yeast’s cells, although nearly a third of the yeast died in some experiments,” Bochman said. “The acid did, however, significantly inhibit the metabolism of the surviving yeast.”

This slowed metabolism is responsible for the microbes’ failure to “exhale” the carbon dioxide that creates carbonation during bottling. But the fact that the majority of the yeast survived meant the researchers found they could revive the microorganism through incubation in a nutritionally dense substance typically used in labs called YPD, which contains yeast extract, peptides and sugar.

“Normally breweries simply re-hydrate dry yeast with water and sugar prior to bottling, but sours are too harsh,” Bochman said. “Exposing the yeast to a mixture of YPD and the uncarbonated beer a day prior to bottling strengthens the microbes enough to survive a highly acidic environment.”

The bottling method could become increasingly important as sour beers grow in popularity, with the number of varieties skyrocketing in the past several years, Bochman said.

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“The results of his research helped remedy a real technical dilemma in bottle conditioning of our sour beers,” said Staton, director of sour operations at Upland Brewing. “As a company, we’re committed to sharing information with researchers, as well as the brewing community, as it only helps to strengthen quality in our industry. We’re hopeful this work can be used by other breweries to troubleshoot similar issues.”

In addition, Bochman is the recipient of $13,000 from the Johnson Center for Innovation and Translational Research at IU Bloomington. The one-year grant funded the establishment of Wild Pitch Yeast LLC, a company that assists craft brewers and homebrewers with the extraction of brewer’s yeasts from local sources such as berries, flowers and tree bark, offering the results for re-sale.

The company has already banked about 300 strains of yeast, primarily from Midwestern states such as Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky and Pennsylvania. Bochman has also filed intellectual property disclosures on a number of the strains for potential licensing. His partners on the business are Rob Caputo, executive director of the Brewers of Indiana Guild, and Justin Miller of Black Acre Brewing Co. in Indianapolis.

Other authors on the paper are: Caleb Staton and Adam Covey of Upland Brewing; Cody Rogers, a graduate student at IU Bloomington; and Devon Veatch, a student at Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana. This research was also supported by funds from the Johnson Center grant.